Ling et al. (2005a) conducted a series of two-dimensional plane
strain analyses on 6-m-high GRS walls with 0.2-m-high facing
blocks using a modified version of the Diana-Swandyne-II (Dynamic
Interaction And Nonlinear Analysis–Swansea Dynamic Version
II developed at the University of Wales, Swansea) program. In the
dynamic analyses, considerable residual displacements were found.
The reinforcement force mobilized at the bottom was higher, and the
deformation was larger at the top. Soils that exhibited large plastic
deformation gave a smaller soil amplification compared with less
deformable soils. Different reinforcement lengths resulted in different
lateral displacement and vertical settlement values, but did not
affect the acceleration amplification significantly. Maximum reinforcement
forces and lateral earth pressure increased as the reinforcement
length decreased. Effects of reinforcement spacing
were similar to, but more pronounced, than those of reinforcement
length. To enable future parametric studies with numerical
modeling, Ling et al. (2010) showed that the results of the finiteelement
procedure matched satisfactorily with the previously
reported full-scale shaking table test results (Ling et al. 2005b).