Height and weight were measured three times using a stadiometer (model 240; SECA, Hamburg, Germany) and a digital scale (WB-300 Plus; Tanita, Tokyo, Japan) while participants were wearing light clothing and no shoes. Mean height and weight values were used to calculate BMI. Whole body adiposity (%Fat) was measured using a Hologic Horizon W bone densitometer (software version 13.4.2, Bedford, MA, USA) DXA scanner.