Fig. 4 shows the leachable Pb concentrations at the top layer. All 51 sample
leachable concentrations were less than 2 mg/l. For the top layer, Pb mean leachable concentrations were reduced to a mean 0.57 mg/l from the untreated 629 mg/l (>99%
reduction). All leachable concentrations from the middle and the bottom layers were less
than the instrument detection limit of 0.05 mg/l. This was consistent with the laboratory
results that showed phosphate-based salts could significantly reduce Pb leachable concentrations.
The Ca(H2PO4)2 and CaCO3 combination showed great potential for field
immobilization of Pb.