where Iict denotes the industrial structure and dynamics of industry i in city c in year t .The industrial structure is measured by the yearly industry HHI computed using gross sales, employment size and asset level.An industry's dynamic attributes include its birth rate (the number of new firms/the total number of firms in each industry), exit rate (the number of firms that existed last year but not this year/the total number of firms in each industry), and average firm size (the number of employees measured in hundreds/the total number of firms in each industry).Variable efd i is the level of dependence on external financing for industry i in city c in the base year 1998, and Postt is a dummy variable equal to one after 2002 and zero before 2002. The coefficient α1 before the interaction term thus captures the causal impact of the 2002 reform on the industry's attributes.We also included the individual efd i and Postt terms in (3);however, they are absorbed by the industry and year fixed effects due to collinearity.