Of the nine included studies, four were cohort studies without con-trol groups (Beech, 2001; Fernandes et al., 2002; Grenyer et al., 2004),two were longitudinal cohort studies (Beech and Leather, 2003; Nauet al., 2009a), one was a pretest posttest non-equivalent control study(Doyle and Klein, 2001), one was a quasi-experimental, pretest posttestdesign control study (Zeller et al., 2006), and one was a within-and-between groups design study (Nau et al., 2010).Five studies were conducted in schools of nursing (Beech, 2001;Beech and Leather, 2003; Nau et al., 2009a, 2010; Zeller et al., 2006),two in emergency departments (Deans, 2004; Fernandes et al., 2002),and a further two were carried out in acute hospitals. The target popu-lations were diverse. Five studies focussed on nursing students at vari-ous stages of their training (Beech, 2001; Beech and Leather, 2003;Doyle and Klein, 2001; Nau et al., 2009a, 2010; Zeller et al., 2006),three included all hospital staff, personnel in patient care as well as cler-ical staff (Doyle and Klein, 2001; Fernandes et al., 2002; Grenyer et al.,2004). One study included emergency department nurses (Deans,2004). See Table 1 for the studies' characteristics