Rosenfield5 suggests that the term interdisciplinary lies between multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary science, implying a continuum along which the terms lie. However, the terms interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary science are sometimes used interchangeably, both within and outside the NIH. In the short term, because much of the work described here by OBSSR involves moving from multidisciplinary to interdisciplinary science, the term interdisciplinary is used throughout most of this document. Interdisciplinary is also the most common term used in the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research.6 A long-term goal of OBSSR is to facilitate a process for moving from interdisciplinary analyses to the deeper conceptual synthesis and transformative momentum promised by transdisciplinary science.