Spectrum allocation, management and handoff
After the initial process of spectrum sensing and analysis, spectrum allocation, management and handoff enable the secondary users to have the best frequency band to transmit and hop around multiple spectrum bands according to the time‐varying characteristics of channels while meeting the QoS requirement [5]. The nature of spectrum mobility in CRNs can be divided into the following categories: Spectrum mobility in time domain, where a CR adapts its operating frequency bands to newly available unoccupied spectrum bands over various time slots. Spectrum mobility in space domain, where a CR changes its operating frequency based on the operating geographical region, meaning that when it moves from one place to another, it’s operating frequency changes accordingly.