In joining the Court's opinion, Justice Clarence Thomas argued that commerce power jurisprudence had "drifted far from the original understanding of the Commerce Clause" and that in future cases, the Court should make an effort to return to that original understanding. In his view, the substantial effects test set in United States v. Darby could potentially give Congress a general police power, though the majority opinion had held otherwise. He called on the Court to reconsider that test in a future case.