However, as Matsuda (2012: 6) has noted, the current state of the field poses both ‘challenge and frustration for teachers’. At the theoretical level, an increasing number of scholars are criticizing traditional approaches to ELT, noting that current practices fail to equip students with the skills necessary to use the language as a lingua franca; yet on the other hand, there is a paucity of practical resources for executing change through action. As Matsuda (ibid.: 6) herself notes, many are left with ‘no choice but to continue to do what they have been doing’.