Cortisol is essential for copious milk synthesis (Neville et al., 2002; Casey and Plaut, 2007). However, an increase in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity is a characteristic of the stress response (Mormede et al., 2007; Negrao, 2008; Brown and Vosloo, 2017). Furthermore, exogenous glucocorticoids and ACTH administration decrease the plasma concentration of IGF-1 and milk yield in cows (Maciel et al., 2001; Ollier et al., 2016; Ponchon et al., 2017). In fact, administration of a large amount of glucocorticoid over a long period disrupts the growth hormone (GH)/IGF-1 axis, resulting in inhibition of the action of GH and IGF-I (Lembessis et al., 2004; David et al., 2011; Feng et al., 2013). Indeed, GH and IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-5 also influence the expression of BCL2 (anti-apoptotic) and BAX (pro-apoptotic) genes and have important roles in the regulation of epithelial cell survival (Plath- Gabler et al., 2001; Sakamoto et al., 2007; Flint et al., 2008). Therefore, the effect of cortisol on milk yield and its influence on the survival of mammary epithelial cells have not been fully elucidated.
Cortisol is essential for copious milk synthesis (Neville et al., 2002; Casey and Plaut, 2007). However, an increase in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity is a characteristic of the stress response (Mormede et al., 2007; Negrao, 2008; Brown and Vosloo, 2017). Furthermore, exogenous glucocorticoids and ACTH administration decrease the plasma concentration of IGF-1 and milk yield in cows (Maciel et al., 2001; Ollier et al., 2016; Ponchon et al., 2017). In fact, administration of a large amount of glucocorticoid over a long period disrupts the growth hormone (GH)/IGF-1 axis, resulting in inhibition of the action of GH and IGF-I (Lembessis et al., 2004; David et al., 2011; Feng et al., 2013). Indeed, GH and IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-5 also influence the expression of BCL2 (anti-apoptotic) and BAX (pro-apoptotic) genes and have important roles in the regulation of epithelial cell survival (Plath- Gabler et al., 2001; Sakamoto et al., 2007; Flint et al., 2008). Therefore, the effect of cortisol on milk yield and its influence on the survival of mammary epithelial cells have not been fully elucidated.
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