Theoretical Foundations ofCognitive Approaches (1)• Vygotsky– Development occurred through the gradualinternalization of concepts and relationships– Younger children use overt (公開) speech, and olderchildren seem to think about a solution internally.– Learning: embedded in social and cultural contexts– The zone of proximal development (ZPD): the rangeof skills that a child can achieve through socialinteractions with a more competent individual.