Techniques of information Reduction

Techniques of information Reduction
As pioneering computer scientist Grace Hopper stressed throughout her career,
computers are indispensable, but they also pose the threat of producing too much
information (information overload) . To keep information from overwhelming people in an organization, it’ s important to control information . With an information system, the
following control methods are possible: Routing information so that it goes to only those people who really need to see the
information . Summarizing information so that decision-makers do not drown in the details . Enabling selectivity so that people with specific information needs can get that information
(and ignore the rest) . Eliminating unnecessary information ( exclusion) so that it doesn’ t take up time .
INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN ORGANIZATIONS To meet the information needs of an organization’s employees, many different
systems have been developed . In a very small business, a single computer might meet all of the business’ s information needs . Larger organizations supplement single-user systems
with minicomputers, mainframe computers, local area networks (LANs) , and wide area
networks ( WANs ) . Some of these larger systems are designed to assist workgroups
( teams of two or more people working on the same projects) ; others are enterprise-wide systems , available throughout an organization ( including all of the organization’ s branch
offices) .
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
A transaction processing system ( TPS) ( also called an operational system or a data processing system) handles an organization’s day-to-day accounting needs . It keeps a
careful, verifiable record of every transaction involving money, including purchases,
sales, and payroll payments . In businesses that sell products, a TPS is often linked with
an inventory control system so that sales personnel will know whether an item is in stock .
Transaction processing systems date to the earliest years of business computing, and the
cost savings they introduced helped create a huge market for business computers . A TPS
saves money by automating routine, labor-intensive record keeping .
Early transaction processing systems used batch processing, in which the data was
gathered and processed at periodic intervals, such as once per week . With the rise of
timesharing systems in the 1970s, online processing systems were developed . These
systems enabled operations personnel to enter transaction data and see totals and other
results immediately .
Transaction processing systems provide useful tools for employees, such as sales and human
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resource personnel, but they’ re useful for managers, too . A well-designed TPS can produce periodic
summary reports that provide managers with a quick overview of the organizations performance .
They can also provide exception reports that alert managers to unexpected developments (such as
high demand for a new product) .
Management Information Systems (MIS)
A management information system (MIS) is a computer-based system that supports
the information needs of different levels of management . This type of system is designed
to help management make informed decisions . Most management information systems are
designed to work with transaction processing systems . They produce reports that tell
middle managers how well they are meeting goals .

結果 (中文) 1:

减少信息技术正如在她的职业生涯，开拓计算机科学家霍珀强调电脑是必不可少的但他们也会威胁生产得太多信息 (信息过载)。保持信息从压倒性的人在组织中，它 ' s 重要的控制信息。与信息系统之后控制方法是可能的: 路由信息，以便它去只有那些真的需要看的人信息。因此，决策者不被淹死在细节汇总信息。启用选择性，以使特定信息的人需要可以获取该信息(和忽略其余部分)。消除不必要的信息 (排除)，所以它不 ' t 占用时间。信息系统的组织，以满足组织的员工，很多不同的信息需求建立了制度。在一个非常小的企业，一台计算机可能满足所有的业务的信息需求。较大的组织补充单用户系统与小型机，大型机、 局域网 (Lan) 和广域网网络 (Wan)。一些这些较大的系统旨在协助工作组(两个或更多的人在同一项目上工作团队);还有一些企业级系统，可在整个组织内 (包括所有组织 ' s 分公司offices) .Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)A transaction processing system ( TPS) ( also called an operational system or a data processing system) handles an organization’s day-to-day accounting needs . It keeps acareful, verifiable record of every transaction involving money, including purchases,sales, and payroll payments . In businesses that sell products, a TPS is often linked withan inventory control system so that sales personnel will know whether an item is in stock .Transaction processing systems date to the earliest years of business computing, and thecost savings they introduced helped create a huge market for business computers . A TPSsaves money by automating routine, labor-intensive record keeping .Early transaction processing systems used batch processing, in which the data wasgathered and processed at periodic intervals, such as once per week . With the rise oftimesharing systems in the 1970s, online processing systems were developed . Thesesystems enabled operations personnel to enter transaction data and see totals and otherresults immediately .Transaction processing systems provide useful tools for employees, such as sales and human·44· 计算机英语教程resource personnel, but they’ re useful for managers, too . A well-designed TPS can produce periodicsummary reports that provide managers with a quick overview of the organizations performance .They can also provide exception reports that alert managers to unexpected developments (such as高需求的新产品)。管理信息系统 (MIS)管理信息系统 (MIS) 是一个基于计算机的系统支持不同层次的管理信息需求。这种类型的系统设计帮助管理层作出知情的决定。多数管理信息系统设计工作与事务处理系统。他们制作的报告，告诉中层管理人员如何好，他们会议的目标。

結果 (中文) 3:

信息技术作为降低
先驱计算机科学家Grace Hopper强调在她的职业生涯中，
电脑是必不可少的，但他们也是制造太多的威胁
信息（信息超载）。把信息从一个组织压倒一切的人，这是重要的控制信息。一个信息系统，该
跟踪控制方法是可能的：路由信息，也只有那些真正需要的人去看
信息。总结的信息使决策者不要被细节。可选择性使特定信息需求的人可以得到的信息
（而忽略其他）。消除不必要的信息（排除），不占用时间。
组织信息系统满足信息组织的员工的需求，许多不同的
系统已经开发。在一个很小的企业，一个单一的计算机可能满足所有企业的信息需求。较大的组织补充单用户系统
随着小型计算机，大型计算机，局域网（LAN），和广域网络（WAN）
。一些更大的系统的目的是协助工作组
（两个或两个以上的人工作在同一个项目团队）；其他的企业级系统，可在整个组织（包括所有组织的分支
办事处）。
事务处理系统（TPS）
事务处理系统（TPS）（也被称为一个操作系统或数据处理系统）处理组织的日常会计核算的需要。它使一个
仔细核查，记录每一笔交易涉及的钱，包括购买，
销售，及工资支付。在企业销售的产品，往往是联系在一起的
TPS库存控制系统，销售人员会知道一个项目是在股票交易处理系统。
日期商业计算的最初几年，他们推出了帮助创造商业电脑的巨大市场
节约成本。TPS
通过自动化程序节省金钱，劳动密集型的记录。
用批处理早期的事务处理系统，在数据收集和处理
定期，如每周一次。在上世纪70年代
分时系统的兴起，在线处理系统的开发。这些
系统使操作人员进入交易数据和汇总等
立即看到结果。
事务处理系统为员工提供有用的工具，如销售和人力
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资源人员，但他们是有用的管理者，太。一个设计良好的系统可以产生周期性的
总结报告，为管理人员提供一个快速了解组织绩效。
他们还可以提供例外报告，提醒管理人员意外的发展（如
对一个新产品的高需求）。
管理信息系统（MIS）
管理信息系统（MIS）是一个以计算机为基础的系统，支持
管理的不同层次的信息需求。这类系统的设计
帮助管理作出明智的决定。大多数管理信息系统的设计与
事务处理系统。他们生产的报告，告诉
中层管理人员，他们是如何达到目标。