indicating very low sensitivity of Ru to dimension-dependent additional scattering mechanisms. The values for large lines were of the order of 12–14 μΩcm, again very similar to the thin film values, increasing to 15–17 μΩcm for the narrowest structures with cross-sectional areas of 200–300 nm2. This confirms that low-resistivity Ru can be obtained by ALD in scaled interconnect structures with BEOL compatible thermal budgets. For the narrowest structures with areas of 200–300 nm2, corresponding to HP values of 8–10 nm, the resistivities come close to N5 target values and compare favorably to effective resistivities of Cu+barrier/liner combinations for realistic barrier and liner thicknesses. Note that the Ru resistivity at such dimensions is much lower than that of W (~50-100 μΩcm) at similar dimensions, so Ru may also be promising as a W replacement also.