Together, these results suggest that when the auditory feedback loop is intact, noise in the motor state representation affects the process of imitation learning to a larger extent, causing the learned motor commands to be inherently unstable or deviant. When both feedforward control and auditory self-monitoring are impaired on the other hand, the increase in anticipatory coarticulation, speech sound distortion and token-to-token variability could be attributed mainly to production/execution processes.