The initial survey instrument was next pretested in order to assess the face validity (Heeler & Ray, 1972). A pilot test was then run with a group of 50 purchasing managers. After completion of the pilot instrument, an open discussion of the instrument and model with the purchasing managers led to additional modification of the survey instrument. Reliability and validity were evaluated using the data from the pilot test. Some scale items were deleted or reworded, and additional questions were added in order to increase reliability and validity.