Discriminant validity was indicated by three assessments: (1) items had low (<0.5) and nonsignificant cross-loadings, (2) the diagonal elements representing the squ are root of average variance extracted exceeded the off-diagonal elements in Table 3 (3) the ratio of the variance in the indicators for each construct relative to the total amount of variance exceeded 0.5(Chin 1998). Discriminant validity was further confirmed by eigenvalues exceeding unity (range: 9.12 to 2.08), variance explained by individual factors (range: 11.83% to 6.06%), and low cross-loadings in principal components-based factor analysis.
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