e (Byram & Martin 1962, 1970).This delivers a quasi-steady, on-source fire whirl that has been studied extensively (Satoh & Yang1996, Satoh et al. 1997, Hassan et al. 2005, Chuah et al. 2011, Hayashi et al. 2011, Kuwana et al.2011, Lei et al. 2011, Zhou et al. 2013, Dobashi et al. 2015, Hartl & Smits 2016, Wang et al.2016, Xiao et al. 2016)