There have been continued efforts to discover new enzymes catalyzing new reactions through X-ome mining with the help of screening tools while activating silent biosynthetic genes and clusters (Figure 1C) [87,93–95]. The integration of chemical approaches with biosynthetic approaches also broadens the profile of producible chemicals further [29,53]. Artificial intelligence is anticipated to play increasingly important roles in predicting feasible chemical synthesis routes [96] for the production of desired chemicals and materials.