Limit equilibrium methods of analysis are used to determine the
appropriate reinforcement geometry and properties in the design of
GRS walls. Pseudostatic forces related to the ground acceleration are
added to the conventional static limit equilibrium analysis for the
seismic design. It is generally agreed that a complete design approach
should consist of working stress analyses, limit equilibrium
analyses, and deformation evaluations. A Coulomb state of stress is
considered for external stability calculations, and a Rankine failure
surface is considered for internal stability considerations in Federal
Highway Administration (FHWA) design recommendations (Elias
et al. 2001). After external stability calculations for the static case are
completed, the dynamic thrust exerted by the retained backfill and
the horizontal inertia force on the reinforced mass are added as
pseudostatic forces to investigate the effects of seismic loads. The
seismic external analysis is completed by evaluating sliding stability,
eccentricity, and bearing capacity checks similar to the static
case