Optimizing Nutritional TherapyAlthough randomized interventional patient-based trials are scarce, the general consensus is that active nutritional measures can mitigate a large number of the metabolic and hormonal derangements in CKD and ESRD. For patients with relatively stable health conditions, absence of active medical events and not on dialysis, nutritional assessment including intake and anthropometric measurements (body weight, BMI and valid indicators of nutritional status [142]) every 3–6 months is advisable. For patients with active medical issues such as surgical operation, acute infection, or cardiovascular events, more frequent nutritional analysis and modifications are required. Ongoing modification of