goal-directed self-talk as future-oriented (e.g., “you’ll be fine”; n = 868) and aimed atregulating cognition and behavior (e.g., “focus on the task” n = 793). With regard toarousal, there were significant amounts of self-talk creating high-arousal states (e.g., “bestrong”; n = 343) and creating low-arousal states (e.g., “calm down”; n = 252).Observations of self-talk targeting reappraisal (e.g., “it’s just a mistake” n = 146),control of high-arousal states (e.g., “don’t get mad”; n = 118) and control of low-arousalstates (e.g., “don’t be sad”; n = 80) were the least frequent. Inter-rater agreement foreach primary category ranged between 81% and 89%.