Extraction of DNA from Fermented Wine Samples and Identification of Lactobacillus plantarum and Oenococcus oeni by PCR-DGGE. At each step of wine fermentation, duplicate 10-g samples were homogenized in a stomacher bag with 10 mL of salinepeptone water for 1 min. After each preparation had settled for 1 min,two 1.8-ml subsamples were placed in 2-mL screw-cap tubes and total DNA was extracted using a Powersoil DNA extraction kit (Cabru,Milan, Italy) according to the manufacturerÕs procedure. After DNA was isolated, 500 lL of phenol–chloroform–isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1; pH 6.7; Sigma) was added to each tube and the tubes were then centrifuged at 12,000 g at 4°C for 10 min, the aqueous phases was collected, and DNA was precipitated with 2.5 (vol/vol) ice-cold absolute ethanol and 1/10 (v/v) NaAcetate 3M pH 3.5. The DNA was collected by centrifugation at 14,000 g at 4°C for 10 min, and the pellet was dried under vacuum at room temperature. Fifty microliters of sterile water was added and the preparation was incubated for 30 min at 45°C to facilitate nucleic acid solubilization. One microliter of DNase-free RNase (Invitrogen) was added to digest RNA, during incubation at 37°C for 1 h. PCR conditions employed were as reported above. In order to test the absence of Taq polymerase inhibitors, primers pA and pH were used to amplify a region of approximately
1 kb of eubacterial 16S-rDNA [10].