1. The perceived high costs of individually oriented HRD efforts in the workplace2. The existence of often-limited views of CD as a career counselor-client relationship only3. The creation of employee assistance programs and other outsourced or external elements that remove traditional CD practice from the context of the organization making individuals responsible for their own development4. The presentation of systems and organization-level learning and performance as superordinate, overriding concerns for individual-level issues in the general HRD literature5. A lack of foundational and theoretical literature elaborating on the often-cited relationship between CD and HRD6. The use of different terminology across international contexts7. The dominance of a constructivist perspective that questions the use of acontextual or predetermined frameworks and, therefore, rejects efforts to formulate general definitions or explorations associated with HRD and CD.