There are examples of applications of the ecosystem approach to environmental planning and management in the literature; particularly from the Great Lakes Basin, where remedial action plans were developed for areas of concern. Among the fourteen impairments of beneficial uses in the areas of concern, half deal with issues directly related to fish habitats, including their loss (IJC, 1988). Further scientific underpinning for ecosystem management can be found in Zalewski (2000), and practical and systematic measures for watershed management were presented by Zalewski et al. (2004).