Generally speaking, demographic variables (e.g., organizational tenure and employee gender) have not been found to be related to OCBs. The finding that gender is not related to citizenship behaviors is somewhat surprising, given that Kidder and McLean Parks (1993) discussed a number of plausible theoretical reasons why it ought to be. For example, they noted that empathetic concern and perspective taking should influence both helping behavior and courtesy, and both of these traits are associated with females (Davis, 1983). Conversely, Kidder and McLean Parks (1993) argued that males are more likely to engage in conscientious behavior than females, because “this type of behavior suggests an exchange orientation or an emphasis on quid pro quo, frequently associated with a male preference for equity over equality.” Thus, even though the existing empirical evidence has not been very supportive of the hypothesized effects of gender on citizenship behavior, additional evidence is needed before this issue can be resolved conclusively.
Generally speaking, demographic variables (e.g., organizational tenure and employee gender) have not been found to be related to OCBs. The finding that gender is not related to citizenship behaviors is somewhat surprising, given that Kidder and McLean Parks (1993) discussed a number of plausible theoretical reasons why it ought to be. For example, they noted that empathetic concern and perspective taking should influence both helping behavior and courtesy, and both of these traits are associated with females (Davis, 1983). Conversely, Kidder and McLean Parks (1993) argued that males are more likely to engage in conscientious behavior than females, because “this type of behavior suggests an exchange orientation or an emphasis on quid pro quo, frequently associated with a male preference for equity over equality.” Thus, even though the existing empirical evidence has not been very supportive of the hypothesized effects of gender on citizenship behavior, additional evidence is needed before this issue can be resolved conclusively.
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