where P
Gp
, Q
Gp
are the real and reactive power generations at
bus p; P
Cp
, Q
Cp
the real and reactive power demands at bus p; V
p
,
the voltage magnitude at bus p; V
q
, the voltage magnitude at bus
q; Y
pq
, the admittance magnitude; Θ
pq
, the admittance angle; N
B
,
the total number of buses; p=1,2,…,N
B
, and q=1,2,…, N
B
.
The inequality constraints of the optimal power flow problem
conclude