Fama and Jensen’s (1983) work provides a useful starting point for delineating different classes of decision rights in ISD projects. They identify four types of activities encompassed by decision rights in organizations: (a) ratification/approval, which they define as the choice and approval of the initiatives to be implemented; (b) monitoring, which relates to the specification and implementation of performance measurement criteria; (c) initiation, which they define as utilization of organizational resources; and (d) implementation, which they describe as execution of ratified decisions. They cluster ratification and monitoring activities under the umbrella of decision control because they are typically allocated to the same agent. Similarly, they combine initiation and implementation activities as decision management.