A third limitation has to do with the absence of measures relevant to testing some of our assumptions. We chose body movements that had very clear meanings attached to them but did not include measures of those associations. Nodding is often associated with high validity meanings (agreement, truth, approval; Cian, 2017), whereas shaking tends to be associated with low validity (disagreement, negation, disapproval). If the meaning associated with these head movements was different than assumed, the effect of those bodily movements on subsequent performance could also change (Brinol, Petty, Santos, & Mello, 2018 ˜ ; Gasco´, Brinol, Santos, Petty, & Horcajo, 2018 ˜ ). In addition, we did not assess the association between head movements and perceived validity, as it was done in previous research (Brinol & Petty, 2003 ˜ ). Instead of measuring thought validity, we tested this assumption indirectly by examining the relationship between self-talk and performance across the head movement conditions and found the predicted pattern. Thus, we expected (hypothesis 3) and found a significantly larger correlation between self-statements and performance for nodding (vs. shaking).
A third limitation has to do with the absence of measures relevant to testing some of our assumptions. We chose body movements that had very clear meanings attached to them but did not include measures of those associations. Nodding is often associated with high validity meanings (agreement, truth, approval; Cian, 2017), whereas shaking tends to be associated with low validity (disagreement, negation, disapproval). If the meaning associated with these head movements was different than assumed, the effect of those bodily movements on subsequent performance could also change (Brinol, Petty, Santos, & Mello, 2018 ˜ ; Gasco´, Brinol, Santos, Petty, & Horcajo, 2018 ˜ ). In addition, we did not assess the association between head movements and perceived validity, as it was done in previous research (Brinol & Petty, 2003 ˜ ). Instead of measuring thought validity, we tested this assumption indirectly by examining the relationship between self-talk and performance across the head movement conditions and found the predicted pattern. Thus, we expected (hypothesis 3) and found a significantly larger correlation between self-statements and performance for nodding (vs. shaking).
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