Vitell et al. (1991) investigated the ethical beliefs of elderly consumers and found that while older “senior citizen” consumers are generally more ethical than somewhat younger “senior citizens,” they are very diverse in terms of their ethical beliefs. More importantly, a factor structure similar to that found in the original studies was evident in this study as well. Also examining the age issue, and comparing U.S. adults with teenagers and children, Rawwas and Singhapakdi (1998) found that age was significant between these groups with adults (20–79 year olds) being more ethical than either teenagers (mostly 19 year olds) or children (10 to 12 year olds). However, teenagers and children only differed on two of the 4 consumer ethics dimensions with teenagers tending to be more ethical. Interestingly, the authors also found that adults such as family members and teachers served as role models in assisting children and teens in shaping their behaviors in an ethical direction. Finally, the factor structure of the consumer ethics scale was again supported.Rawwas et al. (1994) used the consumer ethics scale in a cross-cultural study comparing consumers in Egypt and Lebanon. The results indicated that consumers in Lebanon, which had been torn by civil unrest and terrorism at the time, were more accepting of all of the “questionable” consumer practices that comprise the consumer ethics scale. They were also more Machiavellian, more relativistic and less idealistic than their Egyptian counterparts. A similar study by Al-Khatib et al. (1997) compared consumers in the U.S. with those in Egypt. While the U.S. consumers were significantly more ethical on three of the four consumer ethics dimensions, the fact that some of the items had to be dropped from the scale in the Egyptian questionnaire made any comparison somewhat problematic. Nevertheless, U.S. consumers were both less idealistic and less relativistic than the Egyptian consumers. Using the same Egyptian sample, Al-Khatib et al. (1995) found that an idealistic ethical perspective was related to three of the four consumer ethics dimensions (more idealistic, higher ethical beliefs) while a relativistic perspective was significantly related to two of them (more relativistic, lower ethical beliefs).Rawwas et al. (1996) compared U.S. consumers to Australian consumers using the consumer ethics scale and found that Australian consumers were significantly more intolerant (for three of the four dimensions) of these questionable consumer actions than were U.S. consumers. They further found that the Australian consumers were more Machiavellian than the U.S. consumers, but there were no differences in terms of either idealism or relativism. The authors’ speculate that the harsh and desolate geographical conditions in Australia may have helped to develop a greater sense of individualism and, thus, also greater Machiavellianism in that country.