In summary of the role of emotional intelligence at Level 2 of the Ashkanasy (2003) model, and despite the controversy, the emerging consensus is that emotional intelligence is an important and valid personal characteristic that is positively associated with work performance. Although this line of research is still far from conclusive, the evidence to date suggests strongly that employees with high emotional intelligence, in contrast to their counterparts with lower levels of emotional intelligence, most likely add to a positive organizational climate (Ashkanasy & Ashton-James 2005). More recently, moreover, alternative ability (i.e., non-self-report) measures of emotional intelligence have begun to appear (e.g., Czarna et al. 2016, MacCann et al. 2014).