The Moddergat River is located on the urban edge of Cape Town, South Africa, in the Cape Floral Kingdom. The city has a population of around 3.5 million and a Mediterranean climate. Under natural conditions, the river would have been a diffuse, seasonal wetland. Major impacts on the system include channelization, urban and agricultural runoff, invasive terrestrial and wetland species, changes in natural hydrological conditions and a poor water quality. Improvements and rehabilitation measures addressed flood control, public safety and security, amenity and ecological functioning. Major actions implemented were soft engineering measures in the riverine area (gabion weirs, landscaping and replanting) and the widening of the floodplain (see Figure 9.1).