Self-construal also affects the way individuals enhance, esti- mate, and evaluate themselves. Although in Western cultures, self- enhancement, self-esteem, and self-evaluation are based on demonstrating one's uniqueness and autonomy, there are differ- ences between men and women whereby the latter's "positive feelings about the self should in some part derive from the devel- opment and maintenance of close relationships and from partici- pation in the well-being of close others" (Cross and Madson, 1997, p. 11). In terms of corporate citizenship behavior implications, women are more likely to respond to the needs and claims of close others, and negotiate the demands of important roles, thus having greater sensitivity to the external constraints that influence their behavior (Cross and Madson, 1997). Therefore, this theory offers arguments to understand to what extent the attributes of interdependent self- construal characterizing women may affect their decision-making process in relation to engaging in CSR and philanthropic initiatives.