This research applies a multiple-case study design that permits more controlled
observations and deductions, cross-case comparison, and better robustness and
generalizability compared to single case studies (Lee, 1989; Darke et al., 1998; Yin,
2013). Multiple-case designs depend on careful case selection to maximize insights
from the study (Dube ´ and Pare ´, 2003). Eisenhardt (1989, p. 537) suggests theoretical
sampling of “extreme situations or polar types” for best insights on the process under
investigation and recommends four to ten cases as a reasonable number. In line with
this advice, this research chose five companies from different industries who had all
completed “proof-of-concept” (PoC) pilot implementations or ran completed IMC
implementations. Of those five, three initiatives were operational, whereas the other
two had decided against an actual implementation after PoC completion. The
original sample included ten companies, but since half of them were still in ongoing
“proof-of-concept” stages, only five companies with completed pilots were chosen to
ensure a more reliable state of facts.