Veterans were recruited via flyers, presentations, outreach tolocal community organizations, referrals from VA behavioraland sleep health providers, and recruitment letters. Recruitmentletters were sent to a list of potentially eligible veterans thatwas generated by VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure,followed by a telephone call no sooner than 2 weeks later toveterans who did not reply to the letter. Interested veterans werescreened for study eligibility by phone. To be eligible,participants must have served since 2001 in a combat theaterin Iraq and/or Afghanistan, reported current insomnia lastingat least 1 month, as defined by an ISI score greater than 10[32,52], and impaired daytime functioning (as measured byendorsing Much or Very Much on ISI Item 7 about how muchsleep problems interfere with daily functioning). Participantswere excluded if they demonstrated moderate-to-severecognitive impairment (defined by scores on the Telephone MiniMental State Exam [53]), self-reported sleep apnea, periodicleg movements, or circadian rhythm disorder (delayed oradvanced sleep phase). Figure 1 shows participant flow throughthe study.