The combination offederal and foundation funds with early-stage effectivetools produced through the prior IES investments resulted in an expanded model of federal support for research and innovation, reflected in the RTTTI13/Gates Foundation framework, that was very focused on actively mov ing effective tools to the field at scale. This expanded model for character izing the federal investment in R&D, although more closely embedded in the field (applicants to RTTT and 13 were SEAs and LEAs), remained fairly top-down.