Figure 1: Technological pedagogical and content knowledge (Mishra & Koehler, 2009)
The integration and negotiation of synergy captures complexities inherent within the teachers’ knowledge
framework and captivate: content knowledge, pedagogy, technology and learners in classroom context.
Pedagogical knowledge involves essential teaching skills regardless of the content area. Mishra & Koehler,
(2009) identified several components of process technology (TPACK) namely:
• Technology Knowledge (TK) is knowledge about various technologies, ranging from how technologies such
as the internet, games, digital video, interactive white board etc.
• Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) refers to the content knowledge that deals with the teaching process
(Shulman, 1986), this is different from various contents, it blends both content and pedagogy with the goal
being to develop better teaching practices in the content area.
• Technological Content Knowledge(TCK) is knowledge of how technology can create new representation
for specific content, this suggests that teachers understand by that using specific technology this can change
the way learners practice and understand concepts in a specific content area.
• Content Knowledge (CK) knowledge about actual subject matter that is to be learned or taught. Teachers
must know the content they are going to teach and how different the nature of knowledge is for various
content areas.
• Pedagogical Knowledge (PK) is a method and process of teaching which includes knowledge in classroom
management, assessment, lesson plan development and student learning.
• Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) refers to the content knowledge that deals with the teaching process
(Shulman, 1986), this is different from various contents, it blends both content and pedagogy with the goal
being to develop better teaching practices in the content area.
• Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK) is how knowledge of various technologies can be used in
teaching and understanding.
• Technological Pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) is knowledge required by the teacher for