Short-term and medium-term health e

Short-term and medium-term health effects of 9/11
Introduction The Sept 11, 2001 (9/11), terrorist attacks exposed many people to a wide range of horrific events: they saw planes crashing into buildings, people falling from buildings, and the collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) towers; they were trapped in the dust cloud; and they witnessed injury and death. Many lost relatives, friends, and colleagues. Rescue and recovery workers found body remains and personal effects of the deceased. Many people experienced stress, fear, and uncertainty. In the weeks after 9/11, public areas in New York City were covered with pictures of missing people, many of whom had died in the attacks. Furthermore, thousands of people were temporarily or permanently unable to return to their homes, workplaces, or schools.
Additionally, the collapse of the WTC towers exposed many to substances that have been shown to adversely affect health. Routine environmental monitoring equipment in lower Manhattan was damaged and destroyed in the aftermath of the attacks, which made it difficult to quantify exposure to the massive dust cloud generated by the collapsing towers and potentially to toxic substances that permeated the clean-up site, residences, and workplaces in the area.
The dust and debris contained powdered concrete, gypsum, glass fibres, chrysotile asbestos, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, steel, and several metals such as lead, aluminum, antimony, chromium, molybdenum, and barium.The dust was highly alkaline (pH up to 11) and had high concentrations of particulate matter capable of causing respiratory irritation and damage.
This review investigates the health effects of 9/11 terrorist attacks in the short and medium terms to establish what has been learned ,and to identify areas in which further research is needed.
Respiratory health of adults
Respiratory illnesses in people exposed to the WTC attack began on a large scale immediately after 9/11. Despite improvement in most individuals since 9/11, thousands continue to have long-term symptomatic and functional problems. Individuals with more intense, prolonged WTC exposures generally experienced more severe and persistent respiratory illness.
Clinician-reported or self-reported diagnoses of upper-respiratory symptoms (such as nasal or sinus congestion, sore throat, and laryngitis) and, at lower prevalence, lower-respiratory symptoms (wheezing, tightness of the chest, dyspnoea, asthma and reactive airways dysfunction syndrome) were documented in all exposure groups. However, the overall incidence of respiratory illness is difficult to assess because most study populations contain self-selected subsets of exposed individuals.
For many affected firefighters, signs of WTC cough appeared immediately after 9/11, with a shift to lower-respiratory problems over the next year.11 In the first year after 9/11, 54% of 10 378 firefighters had a daily cough (vs 4% in the year before 9/11), and persisted in 17% in the second year.
The rates of upper-respiratory symptoms far exceeded those from before 9/11: sore throats (62% vs 3%), and rhinosinusitis (45% vs 4%) were frequent. Sore-throat symptoms generally subsided for most, but reported rhinosinusitis remained at more than 40% by the fourth year. Lower-respiratory symptoms of dyspnoea
(40% vs 3%) and wheeze (34% vs 1%) were increased in the year after 9/11 compared with before the attack. Dyspnoea and wheezing were reported more often in the second year and rates remained high through to the fourth year of follow-up.10 In firefighters, arrival time, months of working at the WTC site, presence of respiratory symptoms in the first year, current smoking, and older age on 9/11 were significant predictors of lower-respiratory symptoms 4 years after 9/11.
Pulmonary function data provide objective physiological evidence of abnormality and complement symptom reporting. Spirometry done a median of 3 months aft

結果 (中文) 1:

9/11 的短期和中期的健康影响介绍 2001 年 9 月 11 日 (9/11），恐怖袭击暴露了很多人对种类繁多的可怕事件： 他们看到飞机撞毁建筑物，人堕楼和崩溃的世界贸易世界贸易中心 （WTC） 塔 ；他们被困在尘埃云 ；和他们亲眼目睹了伤害和死亡。许多失去了的亲人、 朋友和同事。救援和恢复工作人员发现人体遗骸和死者的个人财物。很多人经历了压力、 恐惧和不确定性。在 9/11 之后的几周，在纽约城的公共区域布满失踪者，其中很多人在袭击中丧生的图片。此外，成千上万的人被暂时或永久地无法返回他们的家园、 工作场所或学校。此外，世贸中心塔楼的崩溃暴露出许多已被证明对健康产生不利影响的物质。在曼哈顿下城的日常环境监测设备被损坏，毁的攻击，这使它难以量化暴露厚重的尘埃云生成由倒塌的塔和潜在渗透的清理现场、 住宅和在该地区的工作场所的有毒物质。 The dust and debris contained powdered concrete, gypsum, glass fibres, chrysotile asbestos, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, steel, and several metals such as lead, aluminum, antimony, chromium, molybdenum, and barium.The dust was highly alkaline (pH up to 11) and had high concentrations of particulate matter capable of causing respiratory irritation and damage. This review investigates the health effects of 9/11 terrorist attacks in the short and medium terms to establish what has been learned ,and to identify areas in which further research is needed.Respiratory health of adultsRespiratory illnesses in people exposed to the WTC attack began on a large scale immediately after 9/11. Despite improvement in most individuals since 9/11, thousands continue to have long-term symptomatic and functional problems. Individuals with more intense, prolonged WTC exposures generally experienced more severe and persistent respiratory illness. Clinician-reported or self-reported diagnoses of upper-respiratory symptoms (such as nasal or sinus congestion, sore throat, and laryngitis) and, at lower prevalence, lower-respiratory symptoms (wheezing, tightness of the chest, dyspnoea, asthma and reactive airways dysfunction syndrome) were documented in all exposure groups. However, the overall incidence of respiratory illness is difficult to assess because most study populations contain self-selected subsets of exposed individuals. For many affected firefighters, signs of WTC cough appeared immediately after 9/11, with a shift to lower-respiratory problems over the next year.11 In the first year after 9/11, 54% of 10 378 firefighters had a daily cough (vs 4% in the year before 9/11), and persisted in 17% in the second year. The rates of upper-respiratory symptoms far exceeded those from before 9/11: sore throats (62% vs 3%), and rhinosinusitis (45% vs 4%) were frequent. Sore-throat symptoms generally subsided for most, but reported rhinosinusitis remained at more than 40% by the fourth year. Lower-respiratory symptoms of dyspnoea(40% vs 3%) and wheeze (34% vs 1%) were increased in the year after 9/11 compared with before the attack. Dyspnoea and wheezing were reported more often in the second year and rates remained high through to the fourth year of follow-up.10 In firefighters, arrival time, months of working at the WTC site, presence of respiratory symptoms in the first year, current smoking, and older age on 9/11 were significant predictors of lower-respiratory symptoms 4 years after 9/11. Pulmonary function data provide objective physiological evidence of abnormality and complement symptom reporting. Spirometry done a median of 3 months aft

結果 (中文) 3:

短期和9 / 11
介绍11年9月中期健康的影响，2001（9 / 11），恐怖袭击暴露了许多人的广泛的恐怖事件：他们看见飞机撞入高楼，人们从建筑物上坠落，和崩溃的世界贸易中心（WTC）塔；他们被困在粉尘云；他们目睹的受伤和死亡。很多人失去了亲人，朋友，和同事。救援人员发现身体的存在和死者的个人的影响。许多人感到紧张，恐惧，和不确定性。在几个星期后，9 / 11，在纽约市公共区域覆盖了失踪者的照片，其中许多人在袭击中已经死亡。此外，成千上万的人被暂时或永久无法返回自己的家园，工作场所或学校。
此外，世贸中心的倒塌大楼暴露出很多，已被证明产生不利影响的健康的物质。在曼哈顿下常规环境监测设备被损坏和攻击的后果破坏，这使得它难以量化风险的双塔的倒塌产生的大量粉尘和潜在的有毒物质，渗入清理现场，住宅，并在该地区的工作场所。
灰尘和碎片中粉状混凝土，石膏，玻璃纤维，石棉，多环芳烃，钢，和一些金属如铅，铝，锑，铬，钼，和钡。灰尘是强碱性（pH为11），有高浓度的颗粒物可导致呼吸道的刺激和损伤。
本文探讨影响健康的9 / 11恐怖袭击事件在短期和中期建立了什么教训，并确定，需要进一步研究的领域。