Prostate cancer
Several MMPs, including MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-
9, MMP-13, and MMP-14, are reported to be upregulated in
the prostate cancer tissue or in the blood from prostate cancer
patients [105–108]. A high level of MMP-7 in the circulation
was recently found to be an independent risk factor for pros-
tate cancer-related death [109, 110]. Furthermore, patients
with metastatic prostate cancer had significantly higher plas-
ma levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 than patients with organ-
confined carcinomas and healthy controls [107]. Similarly,
increased level of pro-MMP-9 was found both in serum
samples as well as in tissue extracts of patients with metastatic
prostate cancer compared with patients with localized disease.