Consider how the two classes of decision rights i Fama and Jensen’s framework translate into an ISD project context. Decision control rights DCRs encompass project ratification and monitoring activities. In ISD projects ratification and monitoring involves establishing rewards and penalties for project outcomes, and implementing mechanisms to evaluate the project team’s performance, specifying project milestones and deliverables, and monitoring project progress. DMRs encompass project implementation and accompanying resource utilization activities for the ratified project. In ISD projects, implementation and initiation involves activities such as systems design; software architecture design; selection of a software platform, development methodology, and programming language; and the definition of application features/functionality. DMRs therefore define how the ratified project objectives are realized.