At−20 ◦C ambient/0 ◦C stack temperature, the power that the stack can generate at rated flowis about 35% lower than at 80 ◦Cstack temperature and the cell voltage further decreases to 450mV. This is also the maximum power that the stack can generate at −20 ◦C since we limit the minimum cell voltage to 450mV in our simulations. The allowable minimum cell voltage depends on the power electronics and can be loweredby placing a dc/dc converter between the PEFC stack and the traction inverter motor but the overall system efficiency will suffer.