Our results establish that, in general, controlling for endogeneity
eliminates or reduces the estimated impact of parental presence on children's outcomes.
Once we control for correlated background characteristics, there is little evidence
that parental presence affects the economic well being of their adult children.
It does appear that father's presence matters for the cognitive performance and education
of both sons and daughters while mother's presence influences these outcomes
for daughters. While statistically significant, however, these effects are modest.