One issue is to discern the differe

One issue is to discern the difference between a chronic and an acute thermal change and the rate of change or the ramping rate is an important consideration. One protocol listed temperature acclimations using adjustments of 1 °C/h with a maximum of 7 °C/day [47]. A second listed acclimation changes of 3 °C every 48 h over a maximum range of 15 °C [27]. Others presented a 6 °C change in temperature using an acclimation program of 1 °C/day, which is likely to be a more gentle acclimation procedure [36]. Given that the latter study reported only six gene expression differences this may indicate a markedly less impactful acclimation process. A study in sea bass looked at seasonal variation of humoral immune parameters and found little variation [48]. It is interesting to consider the rates of change here are natural, varying on a seasonal basis and that as a consequence the immune functions were not impacted. A study on gene expression in the erythrocytes of rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) that were exposed to a transient rise in temperature from 13 °C to 25 °C, with a ramp of 3 °C/h, showed an increase in the expression of a number of genes including; apolipoprotein and Ig light chain [49].

Some studies look at multiple stressor interactions. One investigated the interaction between temperature and salinity in turbot noted that expression of both Hsp70 and IgM were positively correlated to both temperature and salinity and that temperature was the dominant factor [27]. Another study on cod found little variation in natural antibody levels when animals were reared at different salinities and temperatures [50].

Conclusion

While there are trends in the information available, there are still contrasting or contradictory results. Many papers indicate a bias towards innate immune function at lower temperatures. Many also indicate an up-regulation of antibody related functions at increasing temperature. But the development of clear response patterns to temperature changes across all teleosts is not apparent and probably shouldn't be expected given the number of species involved.

Another facet that may bear consideration is that these changes in immune response are associated with operation within permissive temperatures and that exceeding these temperatures, 16 °C in the case of cod, 23 °C for carp, 25 °C for turbot and 28 °C for tilapia, can often put these animals into an environment where they have exceeded their optimum range for effective immune function [16], [51], [52] and [53].

結果 (中文) 1:

一个问题是要辨别一种慢性和急性的热变化的变化率的差异或斜向进刀速度是一个重要的考虑因素。一种协议列出温度 acclimations 1 ° C/h 调整使用最多的 7 ° C/天 [47]。第二次列出 3 ° C 的驯化变化每 48 h 在 15 ° C [27] 最大范围。其他人提出了一种使用 1 ° C 日驯化程序，很可能是一种更温和的驯化过程 [36] 气温 6 ° C 变化。考虑到后者的研究报道只有六个基因表达的差异，这可能表明明显较有影响力的驯化过程。海鲈鱼的一项研究看着体液免疫指标的季节性变化，发现小变化 [48]。它是变化的有趣的是变化的考虑这里率是变化的天然的变的季节性，因此免疫功能都不受影响。基因表达在红细胞的虹鳟鱼 （虹鳟） 被暴露于温度瞬时上升从 13 ° C 到 25 ° C，与一个坡道 3 ° C/h，研究显示，表达的基因包括; 数目增加载脂蛋白和免疫球蛋白轻链 [49]。Some studies look at multiple stressor interactions. One investigated the interaction between temperature and salinity in turbot noted that expression of both Hsp70 and IgM were positively correlated to both temperature and salinity and that temperature was the dominant factor [27]. Another study on cod found little variation in natural antibody levels when animals were reared at different salinities and temperatures [50].ConclusionWhile there are trends in the information available, there are still contrasting or contradictory results. Many papers indicate a bias towards innate immune function at lower temperatures. Many also indicate an up-regulation of antibody related functions at increasing temperature. But the development of clear response patterns to temperature changes across all teleosts is not apparent and probably shouldn't be expected given the number of species involved.Another facet that may bear consideration is that these changes in immune response are associated with operation within permissive temperatures and that exceeding these temperatures, 16 °C in the case of cod, 23 °C for carp, 25 °C for turbot and 28 °C for tilapia, can often put these animals into an environment where they have exceeded their optimum range for effective immune function [16], [51], [52] and [53].

結果 (中文) 3:

一个问题是识别差异的慢性和急性热变化，改变或增加率是一个重要的考虑因素。一个协议使用1°上市温度对C／h最大7°C /天[ 47 ]调整。二次上市的3°C的驯化变化，每27小时，在一个最大范围为15°c++ [ 48 ]。其他人提出了6°C的温度变化，使用1°C /天的驯化程序，这很可能是一个更温和的驯化程序[ 36 ]。考虑到后者的研究报告，只有六的基因表达差异可能是不太有效的驯化过程。鲈鱼的研究在季节变化的体液免疫参数，发现小的变化[ 48 ]。有趣的是，考虑的变化率是自然的，不同的季节性基础上，作为一个后果的免疫功能不受影响。在虹鳟红细胞基因表达的研究（Onchorynchus mykiss）被暴露在一个短暂的上升，温度从13°C至25°°C，有坡道的3°C／H，表明多个基因的表达增加；载脂蛋白和免疫球蛋白轻链[ 49 ]。一些研究在多个压力源的相互作用。一个相互作用的温度和盐度之间的多宝鱼指出表达HSP70和IgM均对温度和盐度和温度呈正相关，是主导因素[ 27 ]。对COD的另一项研究发现，天然抗体水平变化不大时，动物被饲养在不同的盐度和温度[ 50 ]。结论虽然有趋势的信息，但仍有对比或矛盾的结果。许多论文表明在较低温度下对先天免疫功能的偏向。许多还表明在温度升高的抗体相关的功能的上调。但是明显的反应模式的发展对温度变化不明显，在所有的硬骨鱼类可能不应该考虑到物种的数量。另一方面，可能承担的考虑是，在免疫应答中的这些变化是在规定温度，超过这些温度与操作相关的，16°C在鳕鱼，23°C鲤鱼，25°C 28和C多宝鱼°罗非鱼，往往可以把这些动物到环境中，他们有超过有效的免疫功能[ 16 ]他们的最佳范围，[ 51 ]、[ 52 ]和[ 53 ]。