All batch experiments were performed in triplicate. Con-centrations of TCE were analyzed in accordance with EPA Method 601, using a Tekmer Purge-and Trap Model LSC 2000 with a Varian Model 3800 GC. A 50 m 0.32 mm DB-624 capillary column with a 0.25 lm film (J&W Sci.) was used for sample separation.