Allen et al. (2003) proposed a new

Allen et al. (2003) proposed a new working stress method, called
the K-stiffness method, for the prediction of reinforcement loads in
walls with granular backfill, considering that the limit equilibrium
concepts used are conservative based on the performance of GRS
walls. They showed that this method gives more accurate estimates
of reinforcement loads. This largely empirical method takes into
account the height of the wall and surcharge loads, global and local
stiffness of the soil reinforcement, resistance to lateral movement
caused by the stiffness of the facing and restraint at the wall toe, face
batter, shear strength and stress-strain behavior of the soil, unit
weight of the soil, and the reinforcement spacing. These key factors
are included in the calculation of the maximum reinforcement load.
Facing stiffness factors are constant and are given as 0.35 for
modular block and concrete panel faced walls, 0.5 for incremental
precast concrete facings, and 1 for flexible facings for preliminary
design purposes, that is, the maximum reinforcement load calculated
for a wall with flexible facing is twice the load for a wall with incremental
precast concrete facing. Using this method, the wall can be
designed to prevent failure of the soil in the reinforced zone, in
addition to preventing reinforcement rupture considered in current
practice.

結果 (繁體中文) 2:

Allen等人。（2003）提出了一個新的工作應力法，所謂
的K-剛度法，加固負荷的預測
與粒狀回填牆壁，考慮到極限平衡
所使用的概念基於GRS的性能是保守的
牆壁。他們表明，該方法提供了更準確的估計
加固負載。這在很大程度上經驗方法考慮到
帳戶的壁和附加負載，全局和局部的高度
土加固的剛度，以橫向運動的阻力
所引起的面和約束在壁趾的剛度，臉
麵糊，剪切強度和應力土壤-應變行為，單元
的土壤的重量，和加強間距。這些關鍵因素
包括在最大加強負荷的計算。
面對剛度因素是恆定和給定為0.35
模塊化塊和混凝土板面對牆壁，0.5為增量
預製混凝土面層，和1為初步靈活飾面
設計的目的，也就是說，計算出的最大負荷加固
與靈活的面對牆壁是用增量牆兩倍的負荷
預製混凝土面板。使用這種方法，該壁可以
設計成防止在鋼筋區土壤的失敗，在
除了防止在當前考慮加固破裂
實踐。

結果 (繁體中文) 3:

艾倫等。（2003年）提出的新的工作壓力的方法，稱為The K剛度法，for the prediction of reinforcement負荷in牆以及顆粒backfill，considering that the極限平衡概念used are based on the performance of GRS保守牆壁。他們給這給更多的精確估計方法of reinforcement負荷。這主要實證方法takes into其高度of the Wall and負荷超載，全球和地方剛度of the土加固，抗側向運動caused by the剛度of the facing and restraint at the Wall趾面使剪切强度和應力-應變，behavior of the soil，股Weight of the soil，and the鋼筋間距。這些關鍵因素are included in the calculation of the鋼筋的最大負荷。面對剛度因數是恒定and are given as 0.35 for模組化塊和混凝土面板面牆，0.5 for增量預製混凝土facings，and 1 for靈活facings for初步設計的目的，這是增强，最大負荷計算for a華爾以及靈活面對是兩次the load for a Wall以及增量預製混凝土面對。使用這種方法，《華爾can bedesigned to prevent Failure of the soil in the增强區，in加to防止鋼筋斷裂considered in Current實踐。