FTJ Conductance Modulation: The passage also mentions the conductance modulation of the FTJ devices by applying pulses with varying widths of 500 ns and 1 μs. Positive pulses are used for potentiation (increasing conductance), and negative pulses are used for depression (decreasing conductance). The conductance is normalized to the initial state, and a read voltage is applied at 0.5 V for the measurements.