the decreases of CE and PE in devices using Al grids were 38.8% and 36.4% when the luminance increased from 2396 to 27996 cd m−2, while that of ITO-based device were 48.1% and 85% from 3 to 9210 cd m−2, indicating the good charge injection from Al grid composite electrode to the organic layers for balanced charge transport and efficient exciton generation.