Second, managers' communication patterns could reveal certain manage rial characteristics and thus have significant implications for understanding corporate decisions. Recent developments in behavioral economics emphasize the cognitive biases of human beings and the roles of these biases in decision making (Kahneman, 2003). However, it is difficult for archival researchers to identify direct measures of the behavioral biases of managers or investors. As a communication vehicle for management, textual disclosures can provide a means for researchers to assess managers' behavioral biases and understand firm behavior. For instance, in annual reports, managers tend to refer to them selves more frequently when firm performance is better. This evidence sug gests that managers have the self-serving attribution bias, which could affect their investing and financing decisions (Li, 2011].