n the reviewed studies, therapies u

n the reviewed studies, therapies under the umbrella of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy have a wide range of variation. Therefore, there is actually not a single type of CBGT. With this in mind, the question of which therapy is more effective becomes important. .However, since only a few of the articles reviewed in the present study compared CBGT programs us- ing different techniques, and since they focused on different variables, it was not possible to reach a conclusion on this issue. It is our recommendation that in the future, studies should be carried out that aim to determine which tech- niques are more effective for specific symptoms. Information obtained from these studies may make these therapies more practical.In the present review, therapies that were found to be effective had varying durations. For example, there are data indicating that relatively brief therapy consisting of 6-8 sessions is su- perior to standard treatment alone. The study by Pinkham et al. (2004) compared therapies of different durations using the same technique and they established that a program of seven sessions had comparable efficacy with a program of 20 ses- sions in terms of variables such as stress caused by voices and a belief in voices. These results suggest that short-term CBGT is quite effective and may be used in routine practice. Yet,it is not possible to reach a definitive conclusion based upon these findings. Similarly, it is not also known whether the number of members in the groups or the number of therapists leading the group is a significant factor in the efficacy of the treatment. It is also recommended that in the future, studies aiming to determine the components of therapy, such as the ideal duration of therapy and the size of the group, should be performed in order to maximize time and produce higher efficiency. In addition, patients participating in the studies reviewed in this article have different demographic and clini- cal characteristics. The efficacy of therapy may have been in- fluenced bythese variables as well. Nevertheless, at present we do not have enough information to determine which group of patients derives the most benefit from CBGT. Therefore, studies attempting to determine the variables predicting the level of benefit obtained from a particular treatment are also required.In most of the studies, the goal was to reduce the positive symptoms and other factors such as associated problems and insight were not stressed. However, it is known that symp- toms such as anxiety, depression, and hopelessness are associ- ated with the onset and maintenance of hallucinations and delusions and that improvement in these areas helps decreases positive symptoms. (Kingdon and Turkington, 1994; Smith et al. 2006). In addition, the effect of treatment on insight should be taken into account in the evaluation. It may be useful to address these factors in future studies.

結果 (繁體中文) 1:

n the reviewed studies, therapies under the umbrella of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy have a wide range of variation. Therefore, there is actually not a single type of CBGT. With this in mind, the question of which therapy is more effective becomes important. .However, since only a few of the articles reviewed in the present study compared CBGT programs us- ing different techniques, and since they focused on different variables, it was not possible to reach a conclusion on this issue. It is our recommendation that in the future, studies should be carried out that aim to determine which tech- niques are more effective for specific symptoms. Information

obtained from these studies may make these therapies more practical.

In the present review, therapies that were found to be effective had varying durations. For example, there are data indicating that relatively brief therapy consisting of 6-8 sessions is su- perior to standard treatment alone. The study by Pinkham et al. (2004) compared therapies of different durations using the same technique and they established that a program of seven sessions had comparable efficacy with a program of 20 ses- sions in terms of variables such as stress caused by voices and a belief in voices. These results suggest that short-term CBGT is quite effective and may be used in routine practice. Yet,
it is not possible to reach a definitive conclusion based upon these findings. Similarly, it is not also known whether the number of members in the groups or the number of therapists leading the group is a significant factor in the efficacy of the treatment. It is also recommended that in the future, studies aiming to determine the components of therapy, such as the ideal duration of therapy and the size of the group, should be performed in order to maximize time and produce higher efficiency. In addition, patients participating in the studies reviewed in this article have different demographic and clini- cal characteristics. The efficacy of therapy may have been in- fluenced bythese variables as well. Nevertheless, at present we do not have enough information to determine which group of patients derives the most benefit from CBGT. Therefore, studies attempting to determine the variables predicting the level of benefit obtained from a particular treatment are also required.

在大多數研究，目標是減少陽性症狀和其他因素，如相關的問題和見解沒有強調。然而，眾所周知，症狀，如焦慮，抑鬱和絕望都associ-與發病和幻覺和妄想的維護和改善這些地區ated有助於減少陽性症狀。（登和金頓，1994; Smith等人2006）。另外，在治療的洞察力的影響，應考慮進行評估。這可能是在未來的研究來解決這些因素是有用的。

結果 (繁體中文) 2:

n 經過審查的研究，認知行為療法下的治療具有廣泛的變異性。因此，實際上沒有一種類型的 CBGT。考慮到這一點，哪種療法更有效就變得很重要。.然而，由於本研究中僅對CBGT課程的幾篇文章進行了比較，因此它們側重于不同的變數，因此不可能就此問題得出結論。我們的建議是，今後應開展旨在確定哪些技術基因對特定症狀更有效。資訊

從這些研究獲得可能使這些療法更實用。

在本綜述中，發現有效的療法的持續時間不同。例如，有資料顯示，由6-8次療程組成的相對較短的治療僅對標準治療而言是超前治療。Pinkham等人（2004年）的研究比較了使用相同技術的不同持續時間的療法，他們確定，一個七個療程在諸如聲音引起的壓力等變數方面，與20個療程的療效相當。信仰的聲音。這些結果表明，短期CBGT是相當有效的，可用於常規實踐。然而，
根據這些發現，不可能得出明確的結論。同樣，也不得而知，在小組的成員數量或領導小組的治療師的數量是否是治療效果的一個重要因素。還建議今後進行旨在確定治療組成部分的研究，如理想的治療持續時間和群體規模，以便最大限度地利用時間並產生更高的效率。此外，參與本文綜述研究的患者具有不同的人口統計學特徵和clini-cal特徵。治療的有效性可能也受這些變數的影響。然而，目前我們沒有足夠的資訊來確定哪組患者從CBGT中獲得最大的好處。因此，還需要研究試圖確定預測從特定治療中獲得的收益水準的變數。

在大多數研究中，目標是減少積極症狀和其他因素，如相關的問題和洞察力沒有強調。然而，眾所周知，焦慮、抑鬱和絕望等症狀與幻覺和妄想的發作和維持有關，這些領域的改善有助於減少積極症狀。（金登和圖靈頓，1994年;史密斯等人2006年）。此外，在評價中應考慮到治療對洞察力的影響。在今後的研究中，討論這些因素可能是有益的。

結果 (繁體中文) 3:

在綜述的研究中，認知行為療法下的治療有著廣泛的變化。囙此，實際上沒有單一類型的CBGT。考慮到這一點，哪種療法更有效的問題變得重要。然而，由於本研究中只有少數文章比較了使用不同科技的CBGT程式，並且由於它們關注不同的變數，囙此不可能在這個問題上得出結論。我們建議，今後應開展研究，以確定哪種科技對特定症狀更有效。問詢處
從這些研究中獲得的資訊可能會使這些療法更加實用。
在本綜述中，被發現有效的治療有不同的持續時間。例如，有資料表明，由6-8個療程組成的相對較短的治療僅適用於標準治療。Pinkham等人的研究。（2004）比較使用相同科技的不同持續時間的治療，他們確定七個療程的方案在諸如由聲音引起的壓力和對聲音的信仰等變數方面與20個療程的方案具有可比的療效。這些結果表明，短期CBGT是非常有效的，可用於日常實踐。然而，
根據這些發現不可能得出明確的結論。同樣，現時還不清楚小組成員的數量或領導小組的治療師的數量是否是影響治療效果的一個重要因素。我們還建議，今後應開展旨在確定治療組成部分的研究，如理想的治療持續時間和治療組的規模，以便最大限度地延長時間和提高效率。此外，參與本文所述研究的患者具有不同的人口統計學和臨床特徵。這些變數也可能影響了治療的效果。然而，現時我們還沒有足够的資訊來確定哪一組患者從CBGT中獲益最大。囙此，還需要研究試圖確定預測從特定治療中獲得的效益水准的變數。
在大多數的研究中，目標是减少陽性症狀和其他因素，如相關的問題和洞察力沒有強調。然而，眾所周知，焦慮、抑鬱和絕望等症狀與幻覺和妄想的發生和維持有關，這些方面的改善有助於减少陽性症狀。（Kingdon和Turkington，1994；Smith等人。2006年）。此外，在評估中還應考慮治療對自知力的影響。在未來的研究中，解决這些因素可能是有用的。