Another important determinant detected more recently is non-traditional activities, albeit only for banks in the US and EU (“too non-traditional to fail” notion). The non-traditional banking is relative to the traditional banking, which has been to make long-term loans and fund them by issuing short-dated deposits, a process which is commonly referred to as “borrowing short and lending long” (Edwards and Mishkin, 1995; Mester, 1992). Therefore, the non-traditional activities are often described from these two perspectives, sourcing and using of funds (López-Espinosa et al., 2012; Moore and Zhou, 2013).From the perspective of using funds, banks participate more and more in off-balance-sheet activities, such as investment banking, venture capital, trading, and so on, acting more and more like security dealers. It is frequently documented that these activities increase the systemic risk contribution (López- Espinosa et al., 2013; Sedunov, 2016). From the perspective of sourcing funds, banks involve more in interbank exposures. However, the relationship between interbank exposures and systemic risk is more ambiguous. On one hand, interbank lending works as mutual insurance to safeguard individual banks for liquidity shocks, and thus may stabilize the system. On the other hand, the potential for contagion may increase due to knock-on effects created by inter-locking exposure, since a bank default may spread to other banks through interbank linkages. For example, several empirical studies have documented short-term wholesale funding and money market funding as drivers of systemic risk contribution (Moore and Zhou, 2013).