• What are the characteristics of a

• What are the characteristics of a normal flora? - Digestion, protect against pathogens, train your immune system, some can become opportunistic pathogens• Our host defense mechanism against pathogens include natural barriers such as your skin, your innate immune system, your adaptive immunity, and your normal flora• When there is a imbalance in your normal flora, you might be more susceptible to allergy, colitis, arthritis, obesity, and many other diseases• Please know that bacterial cell walls are made up of NAM and NAG. Gram-positive bacteria has only 1 layer of peptidoglycan, while gram negative has two• Know your Brucella transmission method. Is it person to person?• Know your Bordetella pertussis. Is it a normal flora?• Know that Francisella is gram negative cocci, causes Tularemia, can be present inside many types of hosts, and able to survive inside the macrophage• Legionella characteristics. • Know the different types of anaerobes (ex: facultative, aerotolerant, etc)• Know that only Clostridium and Bacillus are endospore formers• Know that Actinomyces are anaerobic pathogens• Know that Bacteriodes fragilis contains many virulence factors• Know your Clostridium toxins: alpha toxin, tetanus toxin, botulinum toxin. What are the symptoms associated with these toxins?

結果 (繁體中文) 1:

• What are the characteristics of a normal flora?
- Digestion, protect against pathogens, train your immune system, some can become opportunistic pathogens
• Our host defense mechanism against pathogens include natural barriers such as your skin, your innate immune system, your adaptive immunity, and your normal flora
• When there is a imbalance in your normal flora, you might be more susceptible to allergy, colitis, arthritis, obesity, and many other diseases
• Please know that bacterial cell walls are made up of NAM and NAG. Gram-positive bacteria has only 1 layer of peptidoglycan, while gram negative has two
• Know your Brucella transmission method. Is it person to person?
• Know your Bordetella pertussis. Is it a normal flora?
•知道弗朗西斯是革蘭氏陰性球菌，導致土拉菌病，可以存在很多類型的主機內，並且能夠在巨噬細胞內生存
•軍團菌的特性。
•了解不同類型的厭氧菌（例如：兼，耐氧等）
•知道，只有梭狀芽孢是芽孢劑
•知道，放線菌是厭氧菌
•知道擬桿菌，脆弱含有多種致病因子
了解您的梭狀芽孢桿菌毒素：α毒素，破傷風毒素，肉毒桿菌毒素。什麼是與這些毒素相關的症狀？

結果 (繁體中文) 2:

• 正常植物群的特性是什麼？
- 消化，預防病原體，訓練你的免疫系統，有些可能成為機會性病原體
• 我們針對病原體的宿主防禦機制包括自然屏障，如您的皮膚、您的先天免疫系統、您的適應性免疫力和正常菌群
• 當正常菌群失衡時，您可能更容易患過敏、結腸炎、關節炎、肥胖症和許多其他疾病
• 請注意，細菌細胞壁由 NAM 和 NAG 組成。革蘭氏陽性細菌只有1層肽，而克陰性有2層
• 瞭解您的布魯氏透射方法。是人對人嗎？
• 瞭解您的百日百日百日百日蟲。是普通的植物嗎？
• 知道方濟各會是克陰性球菌，導致圖拉雷米亞，可以存在於許多類型的宿主，並能夠生存在巨噬菌體內
• 軍團菌特性。
• 瞭解不同類型的厭氧劑（例如：院系、耐氣性等）
• 知道只有克氏菌和桿菌是內分體前體
• 知道行為黴菌是厭氧病原體
• 知道細菌含有許多毒性因素
• 瞭解您的梭菌毒素：α毒素、破傷風毒素、肉毒桿菌毒素。這些毒素的症狀是什麼？

結果 (繁體中文) 3:

•正常植物區系的特徵是什麼？
-消化，抵禦病原體，訓練你的免疫系統，有些可能成為機會性病原體
•我們針對病原體的宿主防禦機制包括自然屏障，如皮膚、先天免疫系統、適應性免疫和正常菌群
•當你的正常菌群失調時，你可能更易患過敏、結腸炎、關節炎、肥胖和許多其他疾病
•請注意，細菌細胞壁由NAM和NAG組成。革蘭氏陽性菌只有一層肽聚糖，而革蘭氏陰性菌只有兩層肽聚糖
•瞭解你的布魯氏菌傳播方法。是人對人嗎？
•瞭解您的百日咳博多杆菌。是正常菌群嗎？
•知道弗朗西斯菌是革蘭氏陰性球菌，引起兔熱病，可存在於多種宿主體內，並能在巨噬細胞內存活
•軍團菌特徵。
•瞭解不同類型的厭氧菌（例如：兼性厭氧菌、耐氣厭氧菌等）
•知道只有梭菌和芽孢杆菌是內生孢子的形成者
•知道放線菌是厭氧菌
•知道脆弱細菌學包含許多毒力因數
•瞭解梭菌毒素：α毒素、破傷風毒素、肉毒杆菌毒素。這些毒素的症狀是什麼？